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同等学力英语语法专题(1)

    语法部分要求考生掌握九大类基础语法知识,并能在阅读、写作等过程中运用这些语法知识解决实际问题。这些要求看似复杂,其实只要考生在复习准备时认真学习有关的词汇和语法知识,了解考题的特点,在做练习题时注意识别练习题中的考点,有针对性地复习考试大纲所涵盖的相关知识,真正做到知已知彼,就能在考试中取得满意的成绩。
  3 .动词
  ( 1 )时态、语态
  1 )以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时,同样不用于完成进行时。
  a .表示感知的动词: hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell 。
  b . 表示意愿情感的动词: desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love 。
  c .表示思考看法的动词: believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind , recall, recollect , remember, trust, suppose 。
  d .表示所有 占有 的动词: belong to , owe , own , possess , hold (容纳)。
  e .其他动词: cost , appear , concern , contain , consist , deserve , matter , seem 。
  2 )不用 will/shall 表达将来时的形式。
  a . be going to 表示现在的打算和意图。
  b . arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off 等表示移位的动词的进行时表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作。
  c . be to(do) 表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事。
  d . be about to (do); be on the point of (doing) 表示“马上就要”,一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用。
  e . be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start 的一般现在时表示按日历或时刻表要 发生的将来 动作 或事件。
  f .在 时间 、条件、让 步从句中,一般现在时代替将来时。
  g . 在 where/wherever 引导的地点从句和 whether 引导的让步从句中,一般现在时代替将来时。
  3 )与完成时连用的句型和时间状语。
  a . by/between/up to/till+ 过去时间, since , by the time/when+ 谓语动词是一般过去时的从句,主 句用过去完成时。
  b . by + 将来时间、 by the time/when+ 谓语动词是一般现在时的从句,主句用将来完成时。
  c . by now, since + 过去时间, in/during/for the past/last few (或具体数字) years/days/months ,主句用现在完成时。
  d .在 It is the+ 序数词 / 形容词最高级 +that 的定语从句中,谓语动词常用现在完成时。
  e . 在 no sooner ...than..., hardly/scarcely...when/before... 句型中,主句常用过去完成时。
  f . 其他与完成时连用的时间状语: all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet 等。
  4 )下列及物(短语)动词一般不用于被动语态。
  contain, cost, enter, fit, have, hold (容纳), lack, last, own, possess, belong to, resemble, suit, wish, agree with, consist of, get to, keep track of, shake hands with, take part in, walk into, arrive at, reach (到达)
  5 )接动名词时主动形式表示被动意义的动词。
  bear, deserve, merit, need, require, want, demand
  6 )后接副词时主动形式表示被动意义的动词。
  wash , open , polish , wear , write , sell , pull , push , lock , clean , cut , peel , spoil , read
  例: The book sells well. 这本书卖得很好。
  ( 2 )非谓语动词
  1 )常接动名词做宾语的动词。
  acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, advise, avoid, admit, confess, consider, defend, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep mind, miss, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, permit, report, resent, resume, recall, recollect, risk, resist, suggest, tolerate
  2 )常接不定式做宾语的动词。
  agree, afford, aim, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, hope, endeavor, intend, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, pledge, pretend, prepare, promise, proceed, prove, resolve, refuse, request, swear, tend, try, venture, wait, wish
  3 )接不定式或动名词在意思上有区别的动词。
  mean to do 想要(做某事) mean doing 意味(做某事)
  propose to do 打算(做某事) propose doing 建议(做某事)
  forget to do 忘记(要做的事) forget doing 忘记(已做的事)
  remember to do 记得(要做某事) remember doing 记得(已做过的事)
  regret to do (对将要做的事)遗憾 regret doing (对已做过的事)后悔
  go on to do 继而(做另一件事) go on doing 继续(做原来的事)
  stop to do 停下来去做另一件事(不定式作目的状语)
  stop doing 停止正在做的事(不定式做宾语)
  4 )不定式的习惯用法。
  句型: cannot help but do; cannot but do
  cannot choose but do; can do nothing but do
  have no choice/alternative but to do
  5 )动名词的习惯用法。
  句型: be busy/active doing sth.
  have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.
  It's no good/use/picnic doing sth.
  have a good/terrible/difficult time doing sth.
  spend/waste time doing sth.
  There is no point/sense/harm doing sth.
  cannot help doing sth.
  6 )下列动词短语中的 to 是介词,后面应接动名词或名词。
  object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to
  ( 3 )虚拟语气
  1 ) that 宾语从句需用( should+ )动词原形表示虚拟的动词。
  desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, suggest, urge, vote, move
  应当注意的是,当 suggest 、 insist 等词不再表示“建议”或“坚持要求”的含义时,其后面的从句不再用虚拟语气。例如:
  His look suggested that he wasn't telling the truth.
  He insisted that he was right.
  2 )下列名词后接 that 同位语从句或表语从句时,从句谓语需用( should+ )动词原形表示虚拟。
  insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding
  3 )下列形容词或分词做表语时, that 主语从句需用( should+ )动词原形表示虚拟。
  advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, natural, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, strange, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested
  4 )含蓄虚拟条件句。
  a .介词 with, without, under, in but for 等表示含蓄条件。例如:
  But for your help, they couldn't have succeeded.
  She wasn't feeling well. Otherwise, she wouldn't have left the meeting so early.
  b .连词 but, or, or else ,副词 otherwise, unfortunately 等表示转折假设。
  c . intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+ 不定式完成式或 had intended/me- ant/planned/hoped/wished+ 不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。
  d .情态动词完成式可以表示虚拟含义。
  5 )在非真实条件句中,有时从句的动词所表示的动作和主句的动词所表示的动作并不同时发生,这样的条件句中使用的虚拟式称为混合虚拟式。其构成视具体情况而定。例如:
  If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now.
  If I were you, I wouldn't have missed the film last night.
  6 )引导非真实条件从句的连词 if 在正式文体中有
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