语态是一种动词形式,表示主语与谓语动词所表示的动作之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态:主动语态(active voice )和被动语态(passive voice)。被动语态往往是各类考试中的侧重点。英语被动语态是由“助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成的。被动语态的时态变化借助动词be 来实现。助动词be 要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。被动语态常用于下列几种情况: 1. 动作的执行者无需指出或不明确时。例: Printing was introduced into Europe from China. Rome was not built in a day. 2. 为强调动作的承受者时。例: Four people were killed and thirty-one injured in the bomb attack. Susan was singled out for praise yesterday. 3. 为了修辞的需要。例: He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door. Yesterday he visited our university and was welcomed by the President. 4. 除及物动词外,一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也可使用被动态形式。但在个别情况下,短语动词一般不拆开使用。例如:This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible. 5. 不及物动词(或相当于一个不及物动词的短语动词)和表示状态的动词(或短语动词)无被动语态形式,如:happen, rise, occur, take place, break out 等;以及lack, fit suit,equal, become, resemble, befall, consist of, look like 等。例如:The story took place in 1949. 6. 将主动态形式改为被动态形式时,如遇到动词后跟双宾语的情况,我们只能将其中之一变成主语,另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变成主语时,保持在原位的间接宾语前需加介词to。例如: I gave my husband a tie as a birthday present. →My husband was given a tie as a birthday present. →A tie was given to my husband as a birthday present. 7. 不定式符号to 在被动语态中不可省略。在主动语态中,感官动词和“使”动词常跟不 带to 的动词不定式,但在被动语态中要有to。例: I saw her pass by thewindow. →She was seen to pass by the window. 8. 某些实义动词加副词也表示被动意义,如:wash, write, sell, eat, keep, open, read, shut 等。例: This type of recorder sells well. The door won’t shut closely. This kind of shirt washes well. The pen writes well。 9. want 、deserve 、need 、require 、stand、take、won’t bear with 等词后跟主动形式的动名词可以表示被动意义。例: The film is quite worth watching. The children need looking after (=to be looked after). The rule will take some learning. 10. 某些作表语的形容词后,用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。例: He is hard to please. The article is difficult to understand. 11. 被动语态中常用的几个介词:by 表示动作的执行者或施动者;with(tools )表示用某种工具;of(materials )表示由某种原料制成(制成品可见原料);from(substance )表示源于某种物质(制成品不见原料)。 语态,是英语语法的基础,在语法学中,语态是描述句子中动词和参与此动作之主语之间关系的一个术语。当主语是动作的发起者(或之一)时,称为主动语态;如果主语为动作之承受者,称为被动语态。 而在现代英语中,随着感情化的加深,语态在其中的作用越来越大,所以要学好英语,必须学好语态并不是空话。 |